9. Social acceptance
Nawabs, Zamindars, businessmen and other high up’s were biased to accept this modern medicine to whom it became a symbol of status.
They did not hesitate to send their kids to the medical schools established by the Englishmen.
It also emerged as more a status symbol than a human service.
All the medical colleges were established in the north and south India except the first one in Kolkata depending on its feasibility in the eye of the government.
A few medical schools were established in the eastern part of Bengal. This goal of these schools were to impart workable knowledge and training to the students willing to take medicine as a profession.
LMF ( Licentiate Medical Fellow ) degree was given to them which consolidated their social, professional and legal position.
These LMF doctors were the torch bearer of modern medicine in India order to take it to the vast masses and stood as a liaison between the past and present.
The instant relief given by the modern medicine came to them as a magic. They were motivated to make a new look at life.
Most of LMF doctors preferred to live with the people and earn a reasonable income. No patient did ever refused by them without any treatment or medicine. So as a result they were very much respected and honored in the society.
In those day’s a number of medicines were prepare by the doctors or their pharmacists. Some them had microscopes too. So, a doc had the scope to work as pathologist and pharmacist as well. None could think to move from one door to another for having the investigations done.
They were directly connected with the people and used to go the house of the patients to stand beside them. The most popular item was alkali mixture which gave sufficient time to the doctors understand the hidden problems and stabilized the patients.
It saved the patients free from the risk of arbitrary use of antibiotics, analgesics etc.
Blessings of the people remained with those LMF docs who founded the base of modern medicine. But they were made a second class professional following introduction of M.B Course. In fact there was no wrong in launching the M.B programs. The LMF’s worked with the general people while the M. B’s were the experts.
It was much more desired that a sound referral system will be introduced but practically it failed to take an effective shape. The M.B and subsequently the Royal College fellows took the arena. The more the degree is achieved the more respect and honor he will claim. It also brought more fortune for the better qualified docs.
In the most poverty stricken East Bengal M.B and British Royal College fellows were not involved in medical practice who found Kolkata a better ground. LMF docs, medical assistants, nurses and compounders stood beside these poor people in disease and distress.
With the introduction of Aurbedic medicine by a former teacher of chemistry in the Bhagalpur College the Shadana Oushdayala, a company owned by him came as big relief to them. Similarly with introduction of Hekami and Uninany medicine a new day of confidence began mainly because of the affordable price.
The Dhaka Medical College was “ established in 1946, it took about 10 years for the Dhaka Medical College and Hospital to start operations because of bureucratic entanglements. The Dhaka Medical College and its affiliate, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, were accommodated in a building constructed in 1904 as the Secretariat Building for the province of East Bengal and Assam.
The building was transferred to the University of Dhaka in 1921. One part of it was converted into the university's medical centre, one part into a student dormitory, while the residual part was allotted for use as the academic wing of the Faculty of Arts.
The whole building was used as "American Base Hospital" during World War II. When the Americans left, a one hundred bed hospital was established in it.
This created the base of the DMCH, which at the beginning had only four departments - Medical, Surgery, Gynaecology and ENT. The institute did not have any hostel for students. Male students were allowed to reside in Dhaka University's student halls, but girls had to attend classes from their homes. After the partition of Bengal in 1947, a large number of students came from Calcutta Medical College and sought admission in Dhaka Medical College.
Similarly, many left Dhaka Medical College for Calcutta. The college and hospital premises were expanded in new temporary sheds, some of which were built for outdoor services of the hospital and some others for students' hostels.
New buildings for hostel, college and hospital were constructed in phases: a hostel for girls in 1952, a hostel for male students in 1954-55, a new complex of academic buildings in 1955, and a hostel for internee doctors in 1974-75.”(Source Wikipedia)
My Words
Eight :
- A majority of Bangladeshi husbands start their conjugal life by telling about the likings and dislikings of all the members of his family and thus making the bride a hostage of yes, no in the very first night.
Abul Kashem Minto
Wednesday, August 29, 2007
8. Introduction of Modern Medicine in British India
The Englishmen during their 190 years of rule in India gave us the game of cricket and modern medicine. “ Calcutta Medical College was the first institution in India imparting a systematic education in western medicine.
The British East India Company established the Indian Medical Service (IMS) as early as 1764 to look after Europeans in British India. IMS officers headed military and civilian hospitals in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras, and also accompanied the Company's ships and army.
A utilitarian approach and the need to provide expert apothecaries, compounders, and dressers in different hospitals prompted the earliest official involvement with medical education in India.
These subordinate assistants would help European doctors and surgeons who looked after the health of European civilians and military employees and also reduce the company's financial burdens by limiting the appointment of European doctors."
“ From 1826 onwards, classes on Unani and Ayurvedic medicine were held respectively at the Calcutta madrasa and the Sanskrit college. In 1827 John Tyler, an Orientalist and the first superintendent of the NMI started lectures on Mathematics and Anatomy at the Sanskrit College.
In general, the medical education provided by the colonial state at this stage involved parallel instructions in western and indigenous medical systems.
Translation of western medical texts was encouraged and though dissection was not performed, clinical experience was a must. Trainee medical students had to attend different hospitals and dispensaries. Successful native doctors were absorbed into government jobs.
Towards the end of 1833 a Committee was appointed by the government of William Bentinck in Bengal to report on the state of medical education and also to suggest whether teaching of indigenous system should be discontinued.
The Committee recommended that the state found a medical college 'for the education of the natives'. The various branches of medical science cultivated in Europe should be taught in this college.
The intending candidates should possess a reading and writing knowledge of the English language, similar knowledge of Bengali and Hindustani and a proficiency in Arithmetic.
This recommendation, soon followed by Macaulay's minute and Bentinck's resolution, sealed the fate of the school for native doctors and medical classes at the two leading oriental institutions of Calcutta.
The NMI was abolished and the medical classes at the Sanskrit College and at the Madrasa were discontinued by the government order of 28 January 1835.
This marked the end of official patronage of indigenous medical learning which in its turn evoked long-term reaction among the Indian practitioners of indigenous medicine and later the nationalists who strongly criticised the government for the withdrawal of patronage to the Indian system.
Different sections of the Indian population responded differently to this newly founded system of education. Among the Hindus the Brahmins, Kayasthas, Vaidyas, were particularly enthusiastic about medical education.
The activities of the Calcutta Medical College started on 20 February 1835 with the process of admission of students. Twenty students were selected through a preliminary examination of about one hundred students.
These boys had received their education either at the Hindu College, Hare School or the General Assembly's Institution. Twenty-nine more students had already been selected.
All of these 49 students were to receive a monthly stipend of Rs 7 from the government, but it was to be raised gradually.
The students were to remain in the College for a period of not less than 4 years and not more than 6 years. On completion of their studies the students had to sit for a final examination.
Successful candidates were to receive from the President of the Committee of education certificates of qualifications to practise surgery and medicine.
They could also enter public service where they would be called 'Native Doctors' receiving an initial pay of Rs 30 per month which would be raised to Rs 40 after 7 years and to 50 after 14 years of service.
In 1864, the Bengali class was divided into two sections: The Native Apothecary section, which trained students for government employment, and the Vernacular Licentiate section which gave instructions in medicine and surgery in order to enable the students to practise among the less affluent sections of Indians.
In 1873, both these classes were transferred to a new school called the Sealdah Medical School or the Campbell Medical School. The Hindu bhadralok class, Europeans and Eurasians dominated the student population. Although during 1880-1890 there was a small increase in the number of Muslim students, their proportion was very small.
A resolution of 29 June 1883 allowed the admission of women into the CMC after doing FA. Kadambini Ganguly, a Bengali Brahmo became the first woman admitted to the CMC. In 1884 the government offered scholarships of Rs 20 per month to all female students. Bidhu Mukhi Bose and Virginia Mary Mitter received these scholarships and became the first Indian women to graduate during 1888-89.
An important change occurred in 1906 when the Calcutta University decided to discontinue the LMS examination held since 1861 and henceforth confer only the degrees of MB and MD. The last batch of LMS students was examined in 1911.
During the 1930s, the system of reservation of seats was introduced, based on the relative population of different classes of people.
Further it was decided that of the 100 students taken, 5 were to be female candidates. Most of the female students belonged to the Anglo-Indian, Christian, Brahmo or Parsi community ( Source :Wikipedia).
The traditional Indian medicine could not stand against the imported medicine which claimed to be based on scientific evidence. Gradually the high up’s managed to get the door of modern medicine open to them.
Subsequently civil surgeons were posted in every district that formed the superstructure of the health care system without having been maintaining any relation with the silent majority.
My Words
Seven
- A well behaved husband is destined to make a happy home.
Abul Kashem Minto
The Englishmen during their 190 years of rule in India gave us the game of cricket and modern medicine. “ Calcutta Medical College was the first institution in India imparting a systematic education in western medicine.
The British East India Company established the Indian Medical Service (IMS) as early as 1764 to look after Europeans in British India. IMS officers headed military and civilian hospitals in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras, and also accompanied the Company's ships and army.
A utilitarian approach and the need to provide expert apothecaries, compounders, and dressers in different hospitals prompted the earliest official involvement with medical education in India.
These subordinate assistants would help European doctors and surgeons who looked after the health of European civilians and military employees and also reduce the company's financial burdens by limiting the appointment of European doctors."
“ From 1826 onwards, classes on Unani and Ayurvedic medicine were held respectively at the Calcutta madrasa and the Sanskrit college. In 1827 John Tyler, an Orientalist and the first superintendent of the NMI started lectures on Mathematics and Anatomy at the Sanskrit College.
In general, the medical education provided by the colonial state at this stage involved parallel instructions in western and indigenous medical systems.
Translation of western medical texts was encouraged and though dissection was not performed, clinical experience was a must. Trainee medical students had to attend different hospitals and dispensaries. Successful native doctors were absorbed into government jobs.
Towards the end of 1833 a Committee was appointed by the government of William Bentinck in Bengal to report on the state of medical education and also to suggest whether teaching of indigenous system should be discontinued.
The Committee recommended that the state found a medical college 'for the education of the natives'. The various branches of medical science cultivated in Europe should be taught in this college.
The intending candidates should possess a reading and writing knowledge of the English language, similar knowledge of Bengali and Hindustani and a proficiency in Arithmetic.
This recommendation, soon followed by Macaulay's minute and Bentinck's resolution, sealed the fate of the school for native doctors and medical classes at the two leading oriental institutions of Calcutta.
The NMI was abolished and the medical classes at the Sanskrit College and at the Madrasa were discontinued by the government order of 28 January 1835.
This marked the end of official patronage of indigenous medical learning which in its turn evoked long-term reaction among the Indian practitioners of indigenous medicine and later the nationalists who strongly criticised the government for the withdrawal of patronage to the Indian system.
Different sections of the Indian population responded differently to this newly founded system of education. Among the Hindus the Brahmins, Kayasthas, Vaidyas, were particularly enthusiastic about medical education.
The activities of the Calcutta Medical College started on 20 February 1835 with the process of admission of students. Twenty students were selected through a preliminary examination of about one hundred students.
These boys had received their education either at the Hindu College, Hare School or the General Assembly's Institution. Twenty-nine more students had already been selected.
All of these 49 students were to receive a monthly stipend of Rs 7 from the government, but it was to be raised gradually.
The students were to remain in the College for a period of not less than 4 years and not more than 6 years. On completion of their studies the students had to sit for a final examination.
Successful candidates were to receive from the President of the Committee of education certificates of qualifications to practise surgery and medicine.
They could also enter public service where they would be called 'Native Doctors' receiving an initial pay of Rs 30 per month which would be raised to Rs 40 after 7 years and to 50 after 14 years of service.
In 1864, the Bengali class was divided into two sections: The Native Apothecary section, which trained students for government employment, and the Vernacular Licentiate section which gave instructions in medicine and surgery in order to enable the students to practise among the less affluent sections of Indians.
In 1873, both these classes were transferred to a new school called the Sealdah Medical School or the Campbell Medical School. The Hindu bhadralok class, Europeans and Eurasians dominated the student population. Although during 1880-1890 there was a small increase in the number of Muslim students, their proportion was very small.
A resolution of 29 June 1883 allowed the admission of women into the CMC after doing FA. Kadambini Ganguly, a Bengali Brahmo became the first woman admitted to the CMC. In 1884 the government offered scholarships of Rs 20 per month to all female students. Bidhu Mukhi Bose and Virginia Mary Mitter received these scholarships and became the first Indian women to graduate during 1888-89.
An important change occurred in 1906 when the Calcutta University decided to discontinue the LMS examination held since 1861 and henceforth confer only the degrees of MB and MD. The last batch of LMS students was examined in 1911.
During the 1930s, the system of reservation of seats was introduced, based on the relative population of different classes of people.
Further it was decided that of the 100 students taken, 5 were to be female candidates. Most of the female students belonged to the Anglo-Indian, Christian, Brahmo or Parsi community ( Source :Wikipedia).
The traditional Indian medicine could not stand against the imported medicine which claimed to be based on scientific evidence. Gradually the high up’s managed to get the door of modern medicine open to them.
Subsequently civil surgeons were posted in every district that formed the superstructure of the health care system without having been maintaining any relation with the silent majority.
My Words
Seven
- A well behaved husband is destined to make a happy home.
Abul Kashem Minto
Tuesday, August 28, 2007
The days of Turmoil ( Last part )
The days of Turmoil (Last part )
The turmoil continued to rise to its zenith from 1941 on wards when it became apparently visible that India will get either independence or more freedom to breath.
The main uncertainty prevailed in the course of the war. Rapid Japanese advance in Indo-china and Burma jolted India every now and then creating major suspicion among the concerned circle.
Whatever was the course of the war India continued to divide itself on various issues dominated by regional and communal entities which rose to it’s peak in 1946 when communal riots erupted in various parts of India claiming lives and properties of hundreds of thousands of people.
This communal riots had culminated into communal deception and discrimination which continues still in different form.
The partition of India created two independent nationalities one based on religion and the other on secularism. In fact none of them could still firmly stand be side their avowed objectives.
The fact remains that India I mean greater India is such a land where nothing can be achieved or retained easily. You can still get hundreds of opinions pro or against partition of India from the persons enjoying it.
Many reputed personalities are blamed for it or respected. But minus the independence or partition of India in 1947, achievements in other sectors are very meager.
The well to do section of the society took control in these newly independent countries. Agriculture remained neglected throwing the majority into uncertainty.
Poverty griped the nations particularly the Eastern part of Pakistan. Millions of Bhiris ( Muslim refugees coming from Bihar ) came and settled in major urban areas creating various problems. I
t is not clear whether they had been driven out of India en masse or they voluntarily opted for Pakistan.
The government of Pakistan took long seven years to frame a constitution but failed to continue itimplement it. This has kept the political goal of the state of Pakistan unclear to the Pakistanis themselves.
The Bhiris continued to gain control in public offices keeping the Bangalis far away from main stream. Even the non educated Bhiris also took a secured place in the government owned Railways, the largest employer.
0The government of India denied to export coal to Pakistan maybe with an aim to collapse the Railway system. This has proved to be a blessing in disguise for the migrated Bhiris. They promptly began to burn fire woods and kept the Railway tracks busy.
The whole nation became relieved but the Bhiris took very huge dividend. They began to dominate public offices denying the legitimate rights of the Bangalies.
The migration of Hindu before and after partition and Zamindars and subsequent exodus of Hindu well to do people severe shortage of skilled educated men could cut the throat of Pakistan.
The refuges came to the rescue. Soon it became a happy harbor for all vested quarters including the Kabuliwals ( a section of tribesmen from North West Frontier Province involved in money lending business ).
Soon the Bangalis realized that they are being ruled by another ruler class from abroad the Panjabi –Bihiri allience. They began to organize themselves and gradually began to fight them which resulted in the creation of Bangladesh at long last in 1971.
. Unlike the Indians or Pakistanis a Bangladeshi can claim that we enjoy a liberty achieved by us. So my discussion on any topic might not exclude politics though my attempt here is to focus on the plight of kidney patients.
Let me begin with the state of heath care during British Raj and afterwards.
My Words
Six
- True patriots talk less.
The turmoil continued to rise to its zenith from 1941 on wards when it became apparently visible that India will get either independence or more freedom to breath.
The main uncertainty prevailed in the course of the war. Rapid Japanese advance in Indo-china and Burma jolted India every now and then creating major suspicion among the concerned circle.
Whatever was the course of the war India continued to divide itself on various issues dominated by regional and communal entities which rose to it’s peak in 1946 when communal riots erupted in various parts of India claiming lives and properties of hundreds of thousands of people.
This communal riots had culminated into communal deception and discrimination which continues still in different form.
The partition of India created two independent nationalities one based on religion and the other on secularism. In fact none of them could still firmly stand be side their avowed objectives.
The fact remains that India I mean greater India is such a land where nothing can be achieved or retained easily. You can still get hundreds of opinions pro or against partition of India from the persons enjoying it.
Many reputed personalities are blamed for it or respected. But minus the independence or partition of India in 1947, achievements in other sectors are very meager.
The well to do section of the society took control in these newly independent countries. Agriculture remained neglected throwing the majority into uncertainty.
Poverty griped the nations particularly the Eastern part of Pakistan. Millions of Bhiris ( Muslim refugees coming from Bihar ) came and settled in major urban areas creating various problems. I
t is not clear whether they had been driven out of India en masse or they voluntarily opted for Pakistan.
The government of Pakistan took long seven years to frame a constitution but failed to continue itimplement it. This has kept the political goal of the state of Pakistan unclear to the Pakistanis themselves.
The Bhiris continued to gain control in public offices keeping the Bangalis far away from main stream. Even the non educated Bhiris also took a secured place in the government owned Railways, the largest employer.
0The government of India denied to export coal to Pakistan maybe with an aim to collapse the Railway system. This has proved to be a blessing in disguise for the migrated Bhiris. They promptly began to burn fire woods and kept the Railway tracks busy.
The whole nation became relieved but the Bhiris took very huge dividend. They began to dominate public offices denying the legitimate rights of the Bangalies.
The migration of Hindu before and after partition and Zamindars and subsequent exodus of Hindu well to do people severe shortage of skilled educated men could cut the throat of Pakistan.
The refuges came to the rescue. Soon it became a happy harbor for all vested quarters including the Kabuliwals ( a section of tribesmen from North West Frontier Province involved in money lending business ).
Soon the Bangalis realized that they are being ruled by another ruler class from abroad the Panjabi –Bihiri allience. They began to organize themselves and gradually began to fight them which resulted in the creation of Bangladesh at long last in 1971.
. Unlike the Indians or Pakistanis a Bangladeshi can claim that we enjoy a liberty achieved by us. So my discussion on any topic might not exclude politics though my attempt here is to focus on the plight of kidney patients.
Let me begin with the state of heath care during British Raj and afterwards.
My Words
Six
- True patriots talk less.
Saturday, August 25, 2007
The days of Turmoil (Contd)
There were thousands of such mohajans in rural Bengal and still persists in different shapes. Initially they start a business to secure protection from the business community. Then began to offer short term loans to the traders that ensure a safe income and safe pre tests.
Gradually they began to influence local headmen and opinion leaders. Bring them under their net and offer them convenient terms. This the end of a long beginning. Then comes the main target group-farmers.
India did not have any organized financial institute. People had little idea about saving and investment. Most exchanges were based on barter. The poorer section did never had the solvency to save. While the upper class used to save something on jewelries or hide them under soil.
Our villages were poor but self-going. A farmer had everything possible except salt or fuel to lit a light although they have substituted these.
A floating community popularly known as Badiya or Beda were the people with exposure to many areas. They used to visit many localities, procure different attractive items and lure the village house wives to purchase them either in exchange of money or rice.
With the development of market economy the need for money began and mettle coin to paper currency developed in various phases. Money became the standard, measure, value and store for all exchanges.
It sharply shaped every body thinking to go beyond. So much so the roots of money economy were dug, the troubles and agonies of the rural people began to rise.
The farmers became daily laborers in their own lands mostly taken on temporary lease from the Zamidars who beat and tortured them to realize money. Flood, cyclone, draught, erosion continue to deprive them of the crops, yet the Zamindars did not show any mercy.
So, they are compelled to submit to the mohajans and take money at a very high rate only to keep the Zamindar happy. Persons who could not pay off the mohajan were sure to lose his homestead, bullock and even house hold items. besides, merciless punishments become their fate accomplices if not the capital one.
Legal protection was given to them who could easily secure a court order to eliminate a family from their forefather’s land. These uprooted people were forced to live under open sky or anybody’s firm house.
Hundreds of ballads can be written about the plights of such people who had lost everything the language of complaining to the God.
Sher E Bangla, once the prime minister of the undivided Bengal came as the savior of these people from the mohajans who enacted necessary laws to established summary courts for dispensation of justice to these people, but he could not do away with the Zamindari system that prevailed till 1950.
Actually, the origin Zamindars had migrated much earlier. Then began install a few agents and hand everything over to them. With the outbreak of war and assurance for partition of Independence they visualized that happy days are gone. So, they hurriedly took their own course.
Once the White men disappeared, gray rulers were installed in power. Similarly, the old Zamindars were replaced by a new generation of Zamindars who were more and more violent. Owing to the Lack of proper administrative machinery the Zamindars directly or indirectly retained control over the land and were allowed to hold landed properties in any anonymous names called Benami.
Still the vast majority remains out of the benefits of the state acquisition Act of 1950. Continued poverty and mounting unemployment simply contributed towards rise in landlessness.
The Bangladesh Land Occupancy Survey,1980 unearths the causes of serious landlessness in the village areas which resulted in severe influx of homeless,helpless and uprooted millions in the cities. It still continues and makes our cities inhabitable every day.
My Words
Four
-- If a wife continues to dominate the husband she should take it for sure that her husband might be eloping or derailed.
Gradually they began to influence local headmen and opinion leaders. Bring them under their net and offer them convenient terms. This the end of a long beginning. Then comes the main target group-farmers.
India did not have any organized financial institute. People had little idea about saving and investment. Most exchanges were based on barter. The poorer section did never had the solvency to save. While the upper class used to save something on jewelries or hide them under soil.
Our villages were poor but self-going. A farmer had everything possible except salt or fuel to lit a light although they have substituted these.
A floating community popularly known as Badiya or Beda were the people with exposure to many areas. They used to visit many localities, procure different attractive items and lure the village house wives to purchase them either in exchange of money or rice.
With the development of market economy the need for money began and mettle coin to paper currency developed in various phases. Money became the standard, measure, value and store for all exchanges.
It sharply shaped every body thinking to go beyond. So much so the roots of money economy were dug, the troubles and agonies of the rural people began to rise.
The farmers became daily laborers in their own lands mostly taken on temporary lease from the Zamidars who beat and tortured them to realize money. Flood, cyclone, draught, erosion continue to deprive them of the crops, yet the Zamindars did not show any mercy.
So, they are compelled to submit to the mohajans and take money at a very high rate only to keep the Zamindar happy. Persons who could not pay off the mohajan were sure to lose his homestead, bullock and even house hold items. besides, merciless punishments become their fate accomplices if not the capital one.
Legal protection was given to them who could easily secure a court order to eliminate a family from their forefather’s land. These uprooted people were forced to live under open sky or anybody’s firm house.
Hundreds of ballads can be written about the plights of such people who had lost everything the language of complaining to the God.
Sher E Bangla, once the prime minister of the undivided Bengal came as the savior of these people from the mohajans who enacted necessary laws to established summary courts for dispensation of justice to these people, but he could not do away with the Zamindari system that prevailed till 1950.
Actually, the origin Zamindars had migrated much earlier. Then began install a few agents and hand everything over to them. With the outbreak of war and assurance for partition of Independence they visualized that happy days are gone. So, they hurriedly took their own course.
Once the White men disappeared, gray rulers were installed in power. Similarly, the old Zamindars were replaced by a new generation of Zamindars who were more and more violent. Owing to the Lack of proper administrative machinery the Zamindars directly or indirectly retained control over the land and were allowed to hold landed properties in any anonymous names called Benami.
Still the vast majority remains out of the benefits of the state acquisition Act of 1950. Continued poverty and mounting unemployment simply contributed towards rise in landlessness.
The Bangladesh Land Occupancy Survey,1980 unearths the causes of serious landlessness in the village areas which resulted in severe influx of homeless,helpless and uprooted millions in the cities. It still continues and makes our cities inhabitable every day.
My Words
Four
-- If a wife continues to dominate the husband she should take it for sure that her husband might be eloping or derailed.
Thursday, August 23, 2007
5. The days of turmoil:
5. The days of turmoil:
With the ringing of the serene of World War II the global scenario began to change very rapidly. The war torn countries were placed on the inferno. While the people of colonial areas were destined to support their foreign masters.
The allied forces had made open commitments to leave the occupied territories after the great war once they send their young men to the Army, support them maintain supply lines etc. and win the war.
Most of the Indian leader’s sided with the British Raj and their allies. The politicians became the most favored personalities in the eye of the British rulers. They continued to send high level delegations in order to shape the future India.
Actually, it was part an attempt to keep the Indian leaders happy and encourage them plan for their own future. The Government appointed suppliers on recommendation of leaders paving the road to a happy link between power and money.
This has given a boost to the Indian privileged class who gradually established a firm control on all essential supplies. Though India hardly hit by guns, bombs and cannons, still faced almost all war related phenomenon like food shortage, hunger, famine, death, riot, violence, arsenal, rape and above all disease and distress.
The reason behind was not absolute natural, but mostly men made. The human loss in India was tramrndous.
From 1941 onwards return of a sizeable work force from Burma hit the Bengal very hard. Peasant families dependent on Burmese remittance were thrown amidst serious hardship.
Then came food crisis because of natural calamities and poor physical communication. Villages gradually turned unworthy for survival of many helpless families. Thousands of youths began to seek a fate elsewhere. The situation had deteriorated further when growing number of Hindu families began to migrate to West Bengal, Tripura and Assam with all their riches.
The pace ofv migration of educated and affluent Hindu families from East Bengal to West Bengal started much earlier and was pioneered by the Zamindars who found it convenient to stay at state capital in order to maintain regular contact with power and politico-economic hierarchy. Subsequently they took their family members and engaged reliable employees to look after interests.
The Zamindars used to visit their respective estates for collection of toll as well as amusement. Arrangement for dance, drama, wine and women were made on each occasion.
The common Hindu and Muslims were not concerned about it. The Zamindari system was introduced in 1793 reigned for 147 years before abolition in 1950 had it’s merits and demerits too. The political goal of the British colonial government was very well defined i.e to consolidate power base and rule India by the Indian agents.
Legal coverage to the entire program was given in the name of permanent settlement in fact it permanently settled a number of feudal lords eliminating traditional independent farmers. Most of Zamindari estates went to the minority Hindus in Muslim majority areas and the Hindu majority areas were not exceptions. They were allowed to raise land revenue, maintain their own force of musclemen and ensure justice by local level trial.
India traditionally lacked a clear cut land record system, even no proper land ownership, transfer and survey system prevailed. In the flood and erosion hit areas it was impossible to locate a land and it’s owner family. So, violent clashes were a common scene along the river banks particularly in the newly raised islands.
The introduction of Zamindai system gave the government of India better ease, sound revenue and time to look into other aspects. The Zamindars used to pay a small portion of revenue to the government treasury. While the lion shares were taken by them. It gave them riches and the wealthy Zamindars began to introduce themselves as Raja ( king ) and Maharaja (Emperor).
Good and benevolent Zamindars immensely contributed towards social uplift and patronized education, art, culture. While bad and corrupt Zamindars emerged as number one exploiter and oppressor. They used to take away any person they like. Confine them as prisoner and make them a victim od torture. Even beat them mercilessly. It was not possible to stand against the these Zamindars because they had nice bondage of relationship with power hierarchy.
Along side with the Zamindari system another dangerous thing got it’s ground in rural Bengal. Patronized by the Zamindars a section of persons began money lending and laundering. Known as Mohajans these people began lending money keeping mortgage of land, jewelries and even paddy field at a very high rate of interest.
It was during these day’s when the peasants felt the necessity of hard cash money to pay for the land revenue and buy food grains. Once a persons is brought under their net he is sure to lose everything if not the life.
Abul Kashem Mintoo
My Words
Three
Sustainable solvency makes a man comparatively less creative but mostly corrupt in most of the underdeveloped country.
______
With the ringing of the serene of World War II the global scenario began to change very rapidly. The war torn countries were placed on the inferno. While the people of colonial areas were destined to support their foreign masters.
The allied forces had made open commitments to leave the occupied territories after the great war once they send their young men to the Army, support them maintain supply lines etc. and win the war.
Most of the Indian leader’s sided with the British Raj and their allies. The politicians became the most favored personalities in the eye of the British rulers. They continued to send high level delegations in order to shape the future India.
Actually, it was part an attempt to keep the Indian leaders happy and encourage them plan for their own future. The Government appointed suppliers on recommendation of leaders paving the road to a happy link between power and money.
This has given a boost to the Indian privileged class who gradually established a firm control on all essential supplies. Though India hardly hit by guns, bombs and cannons, still faced almost all war related phenomenon like food shortage, hunger, famine, death, riot, violence, arsenal, rape and above all disease and distress.
The reason behind was not absolute natural, but mostly men made. The human loss in India was tramrndous.
From 1941 onwards return of a sizeable work force from Burma hit the Bengal very hard. Peasant families dependent on Burmese remittance were thrown amidst serious hardship.
Then came food crisis because of natural calamities and poor physical communication. Villages gradually turned unworthy for survival of many helpless families. Thousands of youths began to seek a fate elsewhere. The situation had deteriorated further when growing number of Hindu families began to migrate to West Bengal, Tripura and Assam with all their riches.
The pace ofv migration of educated and affluent Hindu families from East Bengal to West Bengal started much earlier and was pioneered by the Zamindars who found it convenient to stay at state capital in order to maintain regular contact with power and politico-economic hierarchy. Subsequently they took their family members and engaged reliable employees to look after interests.
The Zamindars used to visit their respective estates for collection of toll as well as amusement. Arrangement for dance, drama, wine and women were made on each occasion.
The common Hindu and Muslims were not concerned about it. The Zamindari system was introduced in 1793 reigned for 147 years before abolition in 1950 had it’s merits and demerits too. The political goal of the British colonial government was very well defined i.e to consolidate power base and rule India by the Indian agents.
Legal coverage to the entire program was given in the name of permanent settlement in fact it permanently settled a number of feudal lords eliminating traditional independent farmers. Most of Zamindari estates went to the minority Hindus in Muslim majority areas and the Hindu majority areas were not exceptions. They were allowed to raise land revenue, maintain their own force of musclemen and ensure justice by local level trial.
India traditionally lacked a clear cut land record system, even no proper land ownership, transfer and survey system prevailed. In the flood and erosion hit areas it was impossible to locate a land and it’s owner family. So, violent clashes were a common scene along the river banks particularly in the newly raised islands.
The introduction of Zamindai system gave the government of India better ease, sound revenue and time to look into other aspects. The Zamindars used to pay a small portion of revenue to the government treasury. While the lion shares were taken by them. It gave them riches and the wealthy Zamindars began to introduce themselves as Raja ( king ) and Maharaja (Emperor).
Good and benevolent Zamindars immensely contributed towards social uplift and patronized education, art, culture. While bad and corrupt Zamindars emerged as number one exploiter and oppressor. They used to take away any person they like. Confine them as prisoner and make them a victim od torture. Even beat them mercilessly. It was not possible to stand against the these Zamindars because they had nice bondage of relationship with power hierarchy.
Along side with the Zamindari system another dangerous thing got it’s ground in rural Bengal. Patronized by the Zamindars a section of persons began money lending and laundering. Known as Mohajans these people began lending money keeping mortgage of land, jewelries and even paddy field at a very high rate of interest.
It was during these day’s when the peasants felt the necessity of hard cash money to pay for the land revenue and buy food grains. Once a persons is brought under their net he is sure to lose everything if not the life.
Abul Kashem Mintoo
My Words
Three
Sustainable solvency makes a man comparatively less creative but mostly corrupt in most of the underdeveloped country.
______
Tuesday, August 21, 2007
4. My parents
4. My parents
My grand father wanted his eldest son to be a clergy. My father turned it down. He went to a new scheme high school to learn English and go for higher studies. As the father and son was not in good terms he denied to pay for education. Furthermore, my father got married after completing the high school exam without taking any dowry which was never liked by my grandma.
Three out of four of my Phuphas ( Father’s sister in laws ) were Moulavis. A ll of them had limited capabilities to support their own families. So my Phuphies stayed most of the time in our home. Gradually it became impossible for my grand father to maintain. So, as eldest son of the family my father had to take the entire liability. For long three years he tried to make any break-through in Noakhali but failed. At last in June 1940 he left for Kolkata ( Then Culcutta ) to earn bread for two families. One of my grand parents and the other of his own.
All his hopes to seek higher degrees under the University of Kolkata ended in seconds. He began to walk about the streets of Kolkata seeking a job. By that time guns began to roar at the door steps . The Japanese forces had captured many countries and began to hit the Burma (Now Myanmar). Poverty and famine gradually gripped India. All economic activities began to collapse. Unemployment began to rise that forced hundreds of youths join the British army when the Indian leaders thought it’s another step towards independence, but these helpless people know it a part of attempt for ensuring bread for their respective family.
Believe it or not when my grand father used to get Tk.5/- a month as a head master, my father got Tk. 120/- as a sepoy of the British Army. He did not hesitate to sent hundred Taka a month that threw the entire family into a catastrophe. A new house was built. Lands were purchased and my only uncle began to pose himself as the boss of the village. My Phuphas began to live here for months together and continued meddling in the domestic affairs of the father in law. My mother had to painfully digest all these pinches. She had to work from sun rise to mid night and tolerate ugly comments for not becoming a mother.
My father’s long eight year service in the Army was the most happy time for everybody excepting my parents. On two occasions he was likely saved from certain death in the war front and was taken as a Prison’s of War by the Japanese in the far East, but he along with some friends managed to escape. For this heroic job they all were decorated with medallions.
Most the war lords of the Indo-Pak subcontinent fought in the Burma front. Gen. Karriuppa, Gen. Chowhury, two India Army Chiefs later and Field Marshal Ayub Khan of Pakistan all served in the Burma front. Most of recruits were from Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and passed very hard time. In my father’s long eight year service he was once allowed one month leave.
A train carry a battalion of solders on leave came to Chittagong from Assam on a winter afternoon. Moments before the passengers had disembarked Japanese fighter –bombers began to hit Chittagong for the first time. The were allowed to disembark after a while and go for respective destinations with a notice that they might me recalled anytime.
My Words
I like to read valuable word of distinguish authorities which enable me to think better though I don’t know how my readers will take. As I have right to be criticized so I shall place them in every part of my blog.
Two
The most successful business ( ! ) in a poverty stricken country is begging.
A K MINTOO
My grand father wanted his eldest son to be a clergy. My father turned it down. He went to a new scheme high school to learn English and go for higher studies. As the father and son was not in good terms he denied to pay for education. Furthermore, my father got married after completing the high school exam without taking any dowry which was never liked by my grandma.
Three out of four of my Phuphas ( Father’s sister in laws ) were Moulavis. A ll of them had limited capabilities to support their own families. So my Phuphies stayed most of the time in our home. Gradually it became impossible for my grand father to maintain. So, as eldest son of the family my father had to take the entire liability. For long three years he tried to make any break-through in Noakhali but failed. At last in June 1940 he left for Kolkata ( Then Culcutta ) to earn bread for two families. One of my grand parents and the other of his own.
All his hopes to seek higher degrees under the University of Kolkata ended in seconds. He began to walk about the streets of Kolkata seeking a job. By that time guns began to roar at the door steps . The Japanese forces had captured many countries and began to hit the Burma (Now Myanmar). Poverty and famine gradually gripped India. All economic activities began to collapse. Unemployment began to rise that forced hundreds of youths join the British army when the Indian leaders thought it’s another step towards independence, but these helpless people know it a part of attempt for ensuring bread for their respective family.
Believe it or not when my grand father used to get Tk.5/- a month as a head master, my father got Tk. 120/- as a sepoy of the British Army. He did not hesitate to sent hundred Taka a month that threw the entire family into a catastrophe. A new house was built. Lands were purchased and my only uncle began to pose himself as the boss of the village. My Phuphas began to live here for months together and continued meddling in the domestic affairs of the father in law. My mother had to painfully digest all these pinches. She had to work from sun rise to mid night and tolerate ugly comments for not becoming a mother.
My father’s long eight year service in the Army was the most happy time for everybody excepting my parents. On two occasions he was likely saved from certain death in the war front and was taken as a Prison’s of War by the Japanese in the far East, but he along with some friends managed to escape. For this heroic job they all were decorated with medallions.
Most the war lords of the Indo-Pak subcontinent fought in the Burma front. Gen. Karriuppa, Gen. Chowhury, two India Army Chiefs later and Field Marshal Ayub Khan of Pakistan all served in the Burma front. Most of recruits were from Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and passed very hard time. In my father’s long eight year service he was once allowed one month leave.
A train carry a battalion of solders on leave came to Chittagong from Assam on a winter afternoon. Moments before the passengers had disembarked Japanese fighter –bombers began to hit Chittagong for the first time. The were allowed to disembark after a while and go for respective destinations with a notice that they might me recalled anytime.
My Words
I like to read valuable word of distinguish authorities which enable me to think better though I don’t know how my readers will take. As I have right to be criticized so I shall place them in every part of my blog.
Two
The most successful business ( ! ) in a poverty stricken country is begging.
A K MINTOO
3. My antecedents
3. My antecedents
My grandfather was a primary school head master run by the District Board. He also served the community as Imam ( Person who leads a Muslim prayers ) in the mosque on the entrance of our village home. He was equally respected as a teacher and Imam. One of his students was Mr. Roshamoya Sur, the great freedom fighter who was a lieutenant of Netaji Subash Bose.
He disappeared with Netaji and another liberation hero. Netaji and his disciples tried to secure liberation of India with Japanese help during the time of World War II. At a time when most of the Indian nationalist leaders including Ghandiji, Jinnah, Nehru were in favor of the British Army and allies, this leader took a different stand. Although his mission failed, he is regarded as a great hero with all honor he deserves.
My grand father’s father was the son of an warrior Kusha Gazi who fought against the British rule in India till his last days. Before his death he sent all the members of his family to the thinly populated semi-marshy land of Meghna-Dakatia (Two rivers in Bangladesh) basin to live peaceful lives. The eldest one Musa Gazi took business to earn his bread. While my grandpa the only one of his four sons became a teacher. Others could not proceed.
At that time the northern part of our village was inhabited by the educated Hindus. Among them the Basu and Sur family were leading. The southern part was the shelter of Muslims engaged in firm jobs, country boat operation and day labor. The only bazaar at the eastern corner of our village was still connected by waterways on all sides. So, It was well connected with many river ports, huts and bazaars as well. It was also a reputed name for sale of country boats and irrigation tools locally known as dhun. Therefore, the bazaar became known as Noadona ( Noa means boat, dhun is irrigation tool). The Hindu traders used to control the entire business and kept illiterate Muslims as boatmen or laborers.
Mr. maternal grand father was an educated and progressive minded man. He worked as an English teacher and served as Hony. Post Master. In those day’s Post Masters were appointed on recommendation of Zamindars who could give the accommodation and a Hony. Post Master. So, he decided to settle down in an area under Rajshahi District now under Noagaon District. At that time there were few educated families. One of them was the family of one Deputy Registrar of Co-operatives popularly known as Deputy Shaheb. His son Khurshid Meah and grand son Azizur Rahman, a parliament member in the seventies were his direct students.
My maternal grand father renamed the area as Niamotpur and took all the initiatives to record it officially. Now Niamotpur is an upazilla but few people know know the first person behind it. He died in the nineteen fifties before my birth and was buried there.
My Words
I like to read valuable word of distinguish authorities which enable me to think better and arrange my own words though I don’t know how my readers will take. As I have right to be criticized, I shall place them in every part of my blog.
One
When we come to the world everybody laughs, when we depart somebody cries.
My grandfather was a primary school head master run by the District Board. He also served the community as Imam ( Person who leads a Muslim prayers ) in the mosque on the entrance of our village home. He was equally respected as a teacher and Imam. One of his students was Mr. Roshamoya Sur, the great freedom fighter who was a lieutenant of Netaji Subash Bose.
He disappeared with Netaji and another liberation hero. Netaji and his disciples tried to secure liberation of India with Japanese help during the time of World War II. At a time when most of the Indian nationalist leaders including Ghandiji, Jinnah, Nehru were in favor of the British Army and allies, this leader took a different stand. Although his mission failed, he is regarded as a great hero with all honor he deserves.
My grand father’s father was the son of an warrior Kusha Gazi who fought against the British rule in India till his last days. Before his death he sent all the members of his family to the thinly populated semi-marshy land of Meghna-Dakatia (Two rivers in Bangladesh) basin to live peaceful lives. The eldest one Musa Gazi took business to earn his bread. While my grandpa the only one of his four sons became a teacher. Others could not proceed.
At that time the northern part of our village was inhabited by the educated Hindus. Among them the Basu and Sur family were leading. The southern part was the shelter of Muslims engaged in firm jobs, country boat operation and day labor. The only bazaar at the eastern corner of our village was still connected by waterways on all sides. So, It was well connected with many river ports, huts and bazaars as well. It was also a reputed name for sale of country boats and irrigation tools locally known as dhun. Therefore, the bazaar became known as Noadona ( Noa means boat, dhun is irrigation tool). The Hindu traders used to control the entire business and kept illiterate Muslims as boatmen or laborers.
Mr. maternal grand father was an educated and progressive minded man. He worked as an English teacher and served as Hony. Post Master. In those day’s Post Masters were appointed on recommendation of Zamindars who could give the accommodation and a Hony. Post Master. So, he decided to settle down in an area under Rajshahi District now under Noagaon District. At that time there were few educated families. One of them was the family of one Deputy Registrar of Co-operatives popularly known as Deputy Shaheb. His son Khurshid Meah and grand son Azizur Rahman, a parliament member in the seventies were his direct students.
My maternal grand father renamed the area as Niamotpur and took all the initiatives to record it officially. Now Niamotpur is an upazilla but few people know know the first person behind it. He died in the nineteen fifties before my birth and was buried there.
My Words
I like to read valuable word of distinguish authorities which enable me to think better and arrange my own words though I don’t know how my readers will take. As I have right to be criticized, I shall place them in every part of my blog.
One
When we come to the world everybody laughs, when we depart somebody cries.
Monday, August 20, 2007
2.The World Citizens
Before I start I would like to offer my heartiest thanks and gratitude to a number of persons who either died of kidney complications or contributed towards nephrology and urology throughout the world. I undertake to remember them time and again in this diary. If I have had the ability I would definitely compile and publish life sketches of these people who have at least done something different.
I, Now invite all kidney donors and kidney recipients to share with me all about their diseases, problems, present conditions because we are the people who can rightly claim as world citizens.
I live in Bangladesh. Had my kidney operation done in Bangalore, India. The life support therapies (dialysis and transplantation) given to me were devised by the Americans 000000and Europeans. The medicines that I take were invented by people from Canada, USA and other affluent countries. The diagnostic instruments, reagents and formulations also carry the names of those pious souls who made all the possible sacrifices to let us live.
This is not only a case for me, but is the fate of thousands of organ lost people throughout the world. They love all persons surrounding them with all their kidney’s and now want to talk to the world denying the bar of territorial boundaries at least by emotions and sentiments.
In these day’s of market economy when a person comes out of the house, a mobile exhibition of foreign commodities begins. The American jeans, German glass, Swiss watch, European shirts and shoes, Japanese electronics all form a part of the big mobile show but still geo-political boundaries divide us possibly to install so many leaders and continue the race of hunger, poverty and sufferings. One poet once wrote : I can be jailed or enchained and physically tortured but you can not jail my mind, heart and soul.”
We, the organ transplant recipients have the same attitude and sentiment. Our respective bodies hurdled to make us open to the world. So, we the organ donation recipients can easily declare our sovereignty over universal human entity. The first step towards this goal shall be to know and let others know. We can do it very easily and this diary maybe the beginning of a never ending journey.
AK MINTO
I, Now invite all kidney donors and kidney recipients to share with me all about their diseases, problems, present conditions because we are the people who can rightly claim as world citizens.
I live in Bangladesh. Had my kidney operation done in Bangalore, India. The life support therapies (dialysis and transplantation) given to me were devised by the Americans 000000and Europeans. The medicines that I take were invented by people from Canada, USA and other affluent countries. The diagnostic instruments, reagents and formulations also carry the names of those pious souls who made all the possible sacrifices to let us live.
This is not only a case for me, but is the fate of thousands of organ lost people throughout the world. They love all persons surrounding them with all their kidney’s and now want to talk to the world denying the bar of territorial boundaries at least by emotions and sentiments.
In these day’s of market economy when a person comes out of the house, a mobile exhibition of foreign commodities begins. The American jeans, German glass, Swiss watch, European shirts and shoes, Japanese electronics all form a part of the big mobile show but still geo-political boundaries divide us possibly to install so many leaders and continue the race of hunger, poverty and sufferings. One poet once wrote : I can be jailed or enchained and physically tortured but you can not jail my mind, heart and soul.”
We, the organ transplant recipients have the same attitude and sentiment. Our respective bodies hurdled to make us open to the world. So, we the organ donation recipients can easily declare our sovereignty over universal human entity. The first step towards this goal shall be to know and let others know. We can do it very easily and this diary maybe the beginning of a never ending journey.
AK MINTO
Friday, August 17, 2007
It's me
I am Abul Kashem, a kidney Transplant Recipient from Chittagong, the largest of the two sea ports in Bangladesh. My grandma gave me a nickname which my primary school head master denied to include. So, officially I am Abul Kashem, but my mother still calls me Minto. My only maternal aunt still affectionately calls me Minta. Minto or Minta all these terms carry no specific meaning although filled with a sense of deep love and affection.
My official name Abul Kashem is an Arabic term. There are hundreds of people in Bangladesh, West Bengal, an Indian state adjacent to Bangladesh and Pakistan named Abul Kashem, Abul Hashem, Abul Hasan, Abul Ahsan and so on. When these people visit Middle east or any Arabic speaking country they may find a difficult time at the immigration counter to explain about their real entity because Abul means father of..... So, Abul Kashem means father of Kashem, Abul Hashem means father of Hashem and so on .
The holy prophet of Islam was known as Abul Kashem also because the name of one of his sons was Kashem, but he had other names too. The problem arises here. One may be repeatedly told to tell his real name or explain his name as appeared in the passport. To avoid this I hope my reader’s will vote to select a new pen name from the under mentioned list or any new name. My suggested names are :-
A.K Mintoo.
٭٭Abul Kashem.
٭٭ Kashem Mintoo or any new name.
I want to include all participants names in this diary. For that will enable me to be more and more free and frank to open my heart. Anyway I am the father of three. Two sons and a daughter whom I love too much, but show too little. The eldest son is a merchant navy cadet, the younger son and the daughter are high school students in their tenth and ninth grade respectively.
I feel another aspect of my entity must be clarified. I have two addresses, one called the permanent address and the other is called present or temporary. I now live in Chittagong in a particular area at a rental house. It my temporary address. If I move to another area or city my temporary address will be changed, but the permanent one will remain unchanged. This is fact in case of so many people here.
This has contributed towards rise of a big social problem in Bangladesh. With huge migration of rural people to the urban areas over the last six decades and the ever growing process of landlessness many families had to leave ancestral homes, but still carry the address. My problem starts here. People of my ancestral home call me an alien, while people of my present city of stay also treat me as non local. So my real entity is that I am a pure Bangladeshi with two addresses. Whoever wants to send me any letter or parcel please send it to my present address. Otherwise it might be lost.
I have few more aspects to disclose. That is I have two minds. One being the conscious mind and the other is the subconscious one. The second one is probably because of the my human existence. I have three kidney’s and three eye’s also. The first two eye’s are visible. The third one is not visible so it is free from the risk of being attacked by cataract or glaucoma. One can only feel it if he has have an inquisitive mind. My third eye often sees human lives in a real life situation and therefore, it inspired me to open the windows of my heart.
A K MINTO
My official name Abul Kashem is an Arabic term. There are hundreds of people in Bangladesh, West Bengal, an Indian state adjacent to Bangladesh and Pakistan named Abul Kashem, Abul Hashem, Abul Hasan, Abul Ahsan and so on. When these people visit Middle east or any Arabic speaking country they may find a difficult time at the immigration counter to explain about their real entity because Abul means father of..... So, Abul Kashem means father of Kashem, Abul Hashem means father of Hashem and so on .
The holy prophet of Islam was known as Abul Kashem also because the name of one of his sons was Kashem, but he had other names too. The problem arises here. One may be repeatedly told to tell his real name or explain his name as appeared in the passport. To avoid this I hope my reader’s will vote to select a new pen name from the under mentioned list or any new name. My suggested names are :-
A.K Mintoo.
٭٭Abul Kashem.
٭٭ Kashem Mintoo or any new name.
I want to include all participants names in this diary. For that will enable me to be more and more free and frank to open my heart. Anyway I am the father of three. Two sons and a daughter whom I love too much, but show too little. The eldest son is a merchant navy cadet, the younger son and the daughter are high school students in their tenth and ninth grade respectively.
I feel another aspect of my entity must be clarified. I have two addresses, one called the permanent address and the other is called present or temporary. I now live in Chittagong in a particular area at a rental house. It my temporary address. If I move to another area or city my temporary address will be changed, but the permanent one will remain unchanged. This is fact in case of so many people here.
This has contributed towards rise of a big social problem in Bangladesh. With huge migration of rural people to the urban areas over the last six decades and the ever growing process of landlessness many families had to leave ancestral homes, but still carry the address. My problem starts here. People of my ancestral home call me an alien, while people of my present city of stay also treat me as non local. So my real entity is that I am a pure Bangladeshi with two addresses. Whoever wants to send me any letter or parcel please send it to my present address. Otherwise it might be lost.
I have few more aspects to disclose. That is I have two minds. One being the conscious mind and the other is the subconscious one. The second one is probably because of the my human existence. I have three kidney’s and three eye’s also. The first two eye’s are visible. The third one is not visible so it is free from the risk of being attacked by cataract or glaucoma. One can only feel it if he has have an inquisitive mind. My third eye often sees human lives in a real life situation and therefore, it inspired me to open the windows of my heart.
A K MINTO
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