11. The Crisis starts here (Two)
According to Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council Act anybody willing to conduct courses for granting ,medical degrees and diplomas must have secured the prior permission of the Government failing which he might be fined or imprisoned.
This is .the only protection to the GOB to control the medical education in Bangladesh. The act is silent about the authority of any regulatory body established for the aforesaid purpose knowing fully well that the ministry of health and family welfare has been working in this sector as a tradition without any statute.
Following establishment of private universities in 1992 and afterwards the matter first time threw the ministry of health into an awkward situation. One of the first generation private universities stood against the authority of the ministry of health and even did not allow inspection teams of the ministry to conduct an inquiry. A few months later everything was suppressed by political initiatives.
Our politicians have had the tendency to be blessed with the intelligentsia and opinion leaders. So, they never try to stand against any persons known as reputed one. Even the father of the nation Sk. Mujibur Rahman, the most influential president and founder of the BNP, the party that ruled Bangladesh for long fifteen years on three to four terms could not deny such people.
So, if one can make himself he can rule the law (?) and the rulers as well.
This has the case in all most all aspects of our national life and may be one of the major causes of our becoming the ‘most corrupt of the corrupt countries’ on the Transparency International (TI) survey. .
The 1973 University Ordinance framed by the Government of the Sk. Mujibur Rahman gave maximum freedom to the public university teachers who once appointed can become an Assistant Professor in three years without any publication. He can become an Associate Professor after securing of postgraduate degree from any country of his choice with a minimum of publications.
Instances are there where promotions were given without getting the articles published. It was only on getting the so called acceptance letter from such journals which had never been published. The Associate Professors are eligible to be the chairman of the department which is often placed under voting or negotiation. Right from the lecturer level he can participate in the University Teacher’s Association activities, become an office bearer and represent in different bodies. So, an active teacher can easily become a figure head and can be instrumental in university politics which has a major role in university appointment and promotion.
The 1973 ordinance is widely regarded as a democratic instrument because it contains provision for franchise in all aspects of university activities. The department heads are elected, the Deans are elected, the Academic Council is also represented by representatives of the lecturers, Asstt. and Associate Professors besides, all Professors. The syndicate and the senate is also represented by such people.
Affiliated college principles and Registered graduates have their representations too. Although it appears that the public universities are comparatively free, the freedom is questionable. In each and every step the Government machinery interferes. So, very soon each and every university become a field of tripartite power struggle among the teacher’s divided in groups, the beau crates and politicians.
The most burning example of government interference involves in the appointment of Vice Chancellors who appointed from a panel of three securing number one to three position in voting in person. The Chancellor of universities either the head of state or Govt. is empowered to appoint any body. This was the example of our University autonomy. It most surprising that no party did ever talked about it. Possibly they know the benefits.
If somehow rather the most popular man becomes the Vice Chancellor very soon he will find a contingent of enemies in his own lobby including the opponents. The friends become very serious o get benefits. While the opponents need his ouster as early as possible. The lancers ( students) are ready their to fight for them who create such situations that keep close the university for months together.
Teachers get salaries regularly. University pays for all other ancillary approved costs and facilities. but the students fall pray to session jams. Many them lose their eligibility to seek a public service.
My Words
Nine
_ A bad manager always claims sincerity though he is the most insincere man.
Abul Kashem Minto
Tuesday, September 4, 2007
Monday, September 3, 2007
10. The Crisis starts here
10. The Crisis starts here
When poverty enters medicine disappears was the main feature of medical services delivery in Bengal for centuries. Persons with lesser ability had the desire to get cured and take the best possible medical care but lack of ability hindered them.
This has been the case of medical disciplines also. The traditional Indian medicine practiced by Ayurdbedas was overpowered by foreign intruders time and again. Each of the invader brought their own medicine. So, it was no denying that the Englishmen shall introduce their own system of medicine. Because of the all out patronization the modern medicine got it’s ground in Indian sub continent more firmly than others.
Initially, It was more regarded as a devotion than a profession. A very small number of youths from affluent and enlightened middle class families had the desire to go to a medical school. Most of them did not have the desire to join a government job. During Pakistan period more and more kids of middle class families began to join medical schools and go for pubic jobs in the civil or military services. But in the private practice sector intra personal issues mainly rapidly created severe rift among the medical professionals. Major factor was higher degrees from abroad. The urge for more status, more money and more influence engulfed a few members of the profession who rapidly infected many others.
Two events came to us as very bizarre. One sudden increase in medical college seats immediately after liberation of Bangladesh and denial of General Medical Council of Great Britain to recognize the undergraduate degree of this newly independent country. The whole nation became astonished except a few. The existing Royal College fellows gathered and established the Bangladesh College of Physician s and Surgeons in an attempt to be self reliant. It no denying that fact that the BCPS has gone a long way except maintaining the standard of the undergraduate medical education which does not come within it’s jurisdiction, the crisis starts here. .
From 1948 to 1988 medical education in the country was a government sponsored and controlled affair under the ministry of Health and Family Welfare. In 1988 the military government of Hossain Mohammad Ershad allowed a private society to establish a private medical college in Dhaka without framing any rules, regulations thereof.. Actually the ministry lacks any rule to control the public institutes also. Therefore, the so called pious “hopes” of the military ruler marked a big change without keeping any legal protection for the government machinery also.
The Bangladesh Medical Association vehemently opposed it but they were silenced gradually. One year after another medical college was established in the port city of Chittagong which was opposed by the Ministry of Health also but could not prevent it because they did not have the any legal protection to oppose it.. Subsequently, many more medical colleges came up. Some of them could not survive. A number of them are often accused of poor quality. Newspaper reports appears about their less optimum growth. The result are frustrating.
Meantime, the govt. went on to establish five more medical colleges after 1991 coming to power of Ziaur Rahman’s BNP party and post graduate course like Diploma, M.S, M. Phil were opened in many of the old eight medical colleges. So, one does not have to look much for a consultant with one or more post graduate degree, the question is quality. The BCPS is not responsible or accountable for it as it does not have any control over it.
My Words
Eight
- The most powerful but non recognized communication medium is whispering and the most powerful administrative tool is anonymous letter.
Abul Kashem Minto
When poverty enters medicine disappears was the main feature of medical services delivery in Bengal for centuries. Persons with lesser ability had the desire to get cured and take the best possible medical care but lack of ability hindered them.
This has been the case of medical disciplines also. The traditional Indian medicine practiced by Ayurdbedas was overpowered by foreign intruders time and again. Each of the invader brought their own medicine. So, it was no denying that the Englishmen shall introduce their own system of medicine. Because of the all out patronization the modern medicine got it’s ground in Indian sub continent more firmly than others.
Initially, It was more regarded as a devotion than a profession. A very small number of youths from affluent and enlightened middle class families had the desire to go to a medical school. Most of them did not have the desire to join a government job. During Pakistan period more and more kids of middle class families began to join medical schools and go for pubic jobs in the civil or military services. But in the private practice sector intra personal issues mainly rapidly created severe rift among the medical professionals. Major factor was higher degrees from abroad. The urge for more status, more money and more influence engulfed a few members of the profession who rapidly infected many others.
Two events came to us as very bizarre. One sudden increase in medical college seats immediately after liberation of Bangladesh and denial of General Medical Council of Great Britain to recognize the undergraduate degree of this newly independent country. The whole nation became astonished except a few. The existing Royal College fellows gathered and established the Bangladesh College of Physician s and Surgeons in an attempt to be self reliant. It no denying that fact that the BCPS has gone a long way except maintaining the standard of the undergraduate medical education which does not come within it’s jurisdiction, the crisis starts here. .
From 1948 to 1988 medical education in the country was a government sponsored and controlled affair under the ministry of Health and Family Welfare. In 1988 the military government of Hossain Mohammad Ershad allowed a private society to establish a private medical college in Dhaka without framing any rules, regulations thereof.. Actually the ministry lacks any rule to control the public institutes also. Therefore, the so called pious “hopes” of the military ruler marked a big change without keeping any legal protection for the government machinery also.
The Bangladesh Medical Association vehemently opposed it but they were silenced gradually. One year after another medical college was established in the port city of Chittagong which was opposed by the Ministry of Health also but could not prevent it because they did not have the any legal protection to oppose it.. Subsequently, many more medical colleges came up. Some of them could not survive. A number of them are often accused of poor quality. Newspaper reports appears about their less optimum growth. The result are frustrating.
Meantime, the govt. went on to establish five more medical colleges after 1991 coming to power of Ziaur Rahman’s BNP party and post graduate course like Diploma, M.S, M. Phil were opened in many of the old eight medical colleges. So, one does not have to look much for a consultant with one or more post graduate degree, the question is quality. The BCPS is not responsible or accountable for it as it does not have any control over it.
My Words
Eight
- The most powerful but non recognized communication medium is whispering and the most powerful administrative tool is anonymous letter.
Abul Kashem Minto
Wednesday, August 29, 2007
9. Social acceptance
9. Social acceptance
Nawabs, Zamindars, businessmen and other high up’s were biased to accept this modern medicine to whom it became a symbol of status.
They did not hesitate to send their kids to the medical schools established by the Englishmen.
It also emerged as more a status symbol than a human service.
All the medical colleges were established in the north and south India except the first one in Kolkata depending on its feasibility in the eye of the government.
A few medical schools were established in the eastern part of Bengal. This goal of these schools were to impart workable knowledge and training to the students willing to take medicine as a profession.
LMF ( Licentiate Medical Fellow ) degree was given to them which consolidated their social, professional and legal position.
These LMF doctors were the torch bearer of modern medicine in India order to take it to the vast masses and stood as a liaison between the past and present.
The instant relief given by the modern medicine came to them as a magic. They were motivated to make a new look at life.
Most of LMF doctors preferred to live with the people and earn a reasonable income. No patient did ever refused by them without any treatment or medicine. So as a result they were very much respected and honored in the society.
In those day’s a number of medicines were prepare by the doctors or their pharmacists. Some them had microscopes too. So, a doc had the scope to work as pathologist and pharmacist as well. None could think to move from one door to another for having the investigations done.
They were directly connected with the people and used to go the house of the patients to stand beside them. The most popular item was alkali mixture which gave sufficient time to the doctors understand the hidden problems and stabilized the patients.
It saved the patients free from the risk of arbitrary use of antibiotics, analgesics etc.
Blessings of the people remained with those LMF docs who founded the base of modern medicine. But they were made a second class professional following introduction of M.B Course. In fact there was no wrong in launching the M.B programs. The LMF’s worked with the general people while the M. B’s were the experts.
It was much more desired that a sound referral system will be introduced but practically it failed to take an effective shape. The M.B and subsequently the Royal College fellows took the arena. The more the degree is achieved the more respect and honor he will claim. It also brought more fortune for the better qualified docs.
In the most poverty stricken East Bengal M.B and British Royal College fellows were not involved in medical practice who found Kolkata a better ground. LMF docs, medical assistants, nurses and compounders stood beside these poor people in disease and distress.
With the introduction of Aurbedic medicine by a former teacher of chemistry in the Bhagalpur College the Shadana Oushdayala, a company owned by him came as big relief to them. Similarly with introduction of Hekami and Uninany medicine a new day of confidence began mainly because of the affordable price.
The Dhaka Medical College was “ established in 1946, it took about 10 years for the Dhaka Medical College and Hospital to start operations because of bureucratic entanglements. The Dhaka Medical College and its affiliate, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, were accommodated in a building constructed in 1904 as the Secretariat Building for the province of East Bengal and Assam.
The building was transferred to the University of Dhaka in 1921. One part of it was converted into the university's medical centre, one part into a student dormitory, while the residual part was allotted for use as the academic wing of the Faculty of Arts.
The whole building was used as "American Base Hospital" during World War II. When the Americans left, a one hundred bed hospital was established in it.
This created the base of the DMCH, which at the beginning had only four departments - Medical, Surgery, Gynaecology and ENT. The institute did not have any hostel for students. Male students were allowed to reside in Dhaka University's student halls, but girls had to attend classes from their homes. After the partition of Bengal in 1947, a large number of students came from Calcutta Medical College and sought admission in Dhaka Medical College.
Similarly, many left Dhaka Medical College for Calcutta. The college and hospital premises were expanded in new temporary sheds, some of which were built for outdoor services of the hospital and some others for students' hostels.
New buildings for hostel, college and hospital were constructed in phases: a hostel for girls in 1952, a hostel for male students in 1954-55, a new complex of academic buildings in 1955, and a hostel for internee doctors in 1974-75.”(Source Wikipedia)
My Words
Eight :
- A majority of Bangladeshi husbands start their conjugal life by telling about the likings and dislikings of all the members of his family and thus making the bride a hostage of yes, no in the very first night.
Abul Kashem Minto
Nawabs, Zamindars, businessmen and other high up’s were biased to accept this modern medicine to whom it became a symbol of status.
They did not hesitate to send their kids to the medical schools established by the Englishmen.
It also emerged as more a status symbol than a human service.
All the medical colleges were established in the north and south India except the first one in Kolkata depending on its feasibility in the eye of the government.
A few medical schools were established in the eastern part of Bengal. This goal of these schools were to impart workable knowledge and training to the students willing to take medicine as a profession.
LMF ( Licentiate Medical Fellow ) degree was given to them which consolidated their social, professional and legal position.
These LMF doctors were the torch bearer of modern medicine in India order to take it to the vast masses and stood as a liaison between the past and present.
The instant relief given by the modern medicine came to them as a magic. They were motivated to make a new look at life.
Most of LMF doctors preferred to live with the people and earn a reasonable income. No patient did ever refused by them without any treatment or medicine. So as a result they were very much respected and honored in the society.
In those day’s a number of medicines were prepare by the doctors or their pharmacists. Some them had microscopes too. So, a doc had the scope to work as pathologist and pharmacist as well. None could think to move from one door to another for having the investigations done.
They were directly connected with the people and used to go the house of the patients to stand beside them. The most popular item was alkali mixture which gave sufficient time to the doctors understand the hidden problems and stabilized the patients.
It saved the patients free from the risk of arbitrary use of antibiotics, analgesics etc.
Blessings of the people remained with those LMF docs who founded the base of modern medicine. But they were made a second class professional following introduction of M.B Course. In fact there was no wrong in launching the M.B programs. The LMF’s worked with the general people while the M. B’s were the experts.
It was much more desired that a sound referral system will be introduced but practically it failed to take an effective shape. The M.B and subsequently the Royal College fellows took the arena. The more the degree is achieved the more respect and honor he will claim. It also brought more fortune for the better qualified docs.
In the most poverty stricken East Bengal M.B and British Royal College fellows were not involved in medical practice who found Kolkata a better ground. LMF docs, medical assistants, nurses and compounders stood beside these poor people in disease and distress.
With the introduction of Aurbedic medicine by a former teacher of chemistry in the Bhagalpur College the Shadana Oushdayala, a company owned by him came as big relief to them. Similarly with introduction of Hekami and Uninany medicine a new day of confidence began mainly because of the affordable price.
The Dhaka Medical College was “ established in 1946, it took about 10 years for the Dhaka Medical College and Hospital to start operations because of bureucratic entanglements. The Dhaka Medical College and its affiliate, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, were accommodated in a building constructed in 1904 as the Secretariat Building for the province of East Bengal and Assam.
The building was transferred to the University of Dhaka in 1921. One part of it was converted into the university's medical centre, one part into a student dormitory, while the residual part was allotted for use as the academic wing of the Faculty of Arts.
The whole building was used as "American Base Hospital" during World War II. When the Americans left, a one hundred bed hospital was established in it.
This created the base of the DMCH, which at the beginning had only four departments - Medical, Surgery, Gynaecology and ENT. The institute did not have any hostel for students. Male students were allowed to reside in Dhaka University's student halls, but girls had to attend classes from their homes. After the partition of Bengal in 1947, a large number of students came from Calcutta Medical College and sought admission in Dhaka Medical College.
Similarly, many left Dhaka Medical College for Calcutta. The college and hospital premises were expanded in new temporary sheds, some of which were built for outdoor services of the hospital and some others for students' hostels.
New buildings for hostel, college and hospital were constructed in phases: a hostel for girls in 1952, a hostel for male students in 1954-55, a new complex of academic buildings in 1955, and a hostel for internee doctors in 1974-75.”(Source Wikipedia)
My Words
Eight :
- A majority of Bangladeshi husbands start their conjugal life by telling about the likings and dislikings of all the members of his family and thus making the bride a hostage of yes, no in the very first night.
Abul Kashem Minto
8. Introduction of Modern Medicine in British India
The Englishmen during their 190 years of rule in India gave us the game of cricket and modern medicine. “ Calcutta Medical College was the first institution in India imparting a systematic education in western medicine.
The British East India Company established the Indian Medical Service (IMS) as early as 1764 to look after Europeans in British India. IMS officers headed military and civilian hospitals in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras, and also accompanied the Company's ships and army.
A utilitarian approach and the need to provide expert apothecaries, compounders, and dressers in different hospitals prompted the earliest official involvement with medical education in India.
These subordinate assistants would help European doctors and surgeons who looked after the health of European civilians and military employees and also reduce the company's financial burdens by limiting the appointment of European doctors."
“ From 1826 onwards, classes on Unani and Ayurvedic medicine were held respectively at the Calcutta madrasa and the Sanskrit college. In 1827 John Tyler, an Orientalist and the first superintendent of the NMI started lectures on Mathematics and Anatomy at the Sanskrit College.
In general, the medical education provided by the colonial state at this stage involved parallel instructions in western and indigenous medical systems.
Translation of western medical texts was encouraged and though dissection was not performed, clinical experience was a must. Trainee medical students had to attend different hospitals and dispensaries. Successful native doctors were absorbed into government jobs.
Towards the end of 1833 a Committee was appointed by the government of William Bentinck in Bengal to report on the state of medical education and also to suggest whether teaching of indigenous system should be discontinued.
The Committee recommended that the state found a medical college 'for the education of the natives'. The various branches of medical science cultivated in Europe should be taught in this college.
The intending candidates should possess a reading and writing knowledge of the English language, similar knowledge of Bengali and Hindustani and a proficiency in Arithmetic.
This recommendation, soon followed by Macaulay's minute and Bentinck's resolution, sealed the fate of the school for native doctors and medical classes at the two leading oriental institutions of Calcutta.
The NMI was abolished and the medical classes at the Sanskrit College and at the Madrasa were discontinued by the government order of 28 January 1835.
This marked the end of official patronage of indigenous medical learning which in its turn evoked long-term reaction among the Indian practitioners of indigenous medicine and later the nationalists who strongly criticised the government for the withdrawal of patronage to the Indian system.
Different sections of the Indian population responded differently to this newly founded system of education. Among the Hindus the Brahmins, Kayasthas, Vaidyas, were particularly enthusiastic about medical education.
The activities of the Calcutta Medical College started on 20 February 1835 with the process of admission of students. Twenty students were selected through a preliminary examination of about one hundred students.
These boys had received their education either at the Hindu College, Hare School or the General Assembly's Institution. Twenty-nine more students had already been selected.
All of these 49 students were to receive a monthly stipend of Rs 7 from the government, but it was to be raised gradually.
The students were to remain in the College for a period of not less than 4 years and not more than 6 years. On completion of their studies the students had to sit for a final examination.
Successful candidates were to receive from the President of the Committee of education certificates of qualifications to practise surgery and medicine.
They could also enter public service where they would be called 'Native Doctors' receiving an initial pay of Rs 30 per month which would be raised to Rs 40 after 7 years and to 50 after 14 years of service.
In 1864, the Bengali class was divided into two sections: The Native Apothecary section, which trained students for government employment, and the Vernacular Licentiate section which gave instructions in medicine and surgery in order to enable the students to practise among the less affluent sections of Indians.
In 1873, both these classes were transferred to a new school called the Sealdah Medical School or the Campbell Medical School. The Hindu bhadralok class, Europeans and Eurasians dominated the student population. Although during 1880-1890 there was a small increase in the number of Muslim students, their proportion was very small.
A resolution of 29 June 1883 allowed the admission of women into the CMC after doing FA. Kadambini Ganguly, a Bengali Brahmo became the first woman admitted to the CMC. In 1884 the government offered scholarships of Rs 20 per month to all female students. Bidhu Mukhi Bose and Virginia Mary Mitter received these scholarships and became the first Indian women to graduate during 1888-89.
An important change occurred in 1906 when the Calcutta University decided to discontinue the LMS examination held since 1861 and henceforth confer only the degrees of MB and MD. The last batch of LMS students was examined in 1911.
During the 1930s, the system of reservation of seats was introduced, based on the relative population of different classes of people.
Further it was decided that of the 100 students taken, 5 were to be female candidates. Most of the female students belonged to the Anglo-Indian, Christian, Brahmo or Parsi community ( Source :Wikipedia).
The traditional Indian medicine could not stand against the imported medicine which claimed to be based on scientific evidence. Gradually the high up’s managed to get the door of modern medicine open to them.
Subsequently civil surgeons were posted in every district that formed the superstructure of the health care system without having been maintaining any relation with the silent majority.
My Words
Seven
- A well behaved husband is destined to make a happy home.
Abul Kashem Minto
The Englishmen during their 190 years of rule in India gave us the game of cricket and modern medicine. “ Calcutta Medical College was the first institution in India imparting a systematic education in western medicine.
The British East India Company established the Indian Medical Service (IMS) as early as 1764 to look after Europeans in British India. IMS officers headed military and civilian hospitals in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras, and also accompanied the Company's ships and army.
A utilitarian approach and the need to provide expert apothecaries, compounders, and dressers in different hospitals prompted the earliest official involvement with medical education in India.
These subordinate assistants would help European doctors and surgeons who looked after the health of European civilians and military employees and also reduce the company's financial burdens by limiting the appointment of European doctors."
“ From 1826 onwards, classes on Unani and Ayurvedic medicine were held respectively at the Calcutta madrasa and the Sanskrit college. In 1827 John Tyler, an Orientalist and the first superintendent of the NMI started lectures on Mathematics and Anatomy at the Sanskrit College.
In general, the medical education provided by the colonial state at this stage involved parallel instructions in western and indigenous medical systems.
Translation of western medical texts was encouraged and though dissection was not performed, clinical experience was a must. Trainee medical students had to attend different hospitals and dispensaries. Successful native doctors were absorbed into government jobs.
Towards the end of 1833 a Committee was appointed by the government of William Bentinck in Bengal to report on the state of medical education and also to suggest whether teaching of indigenous system should be discontinued.
The Committee recommended that the state found a medical college 'for the education of the natives'. The various branches of medical science cultivated in Europe should be taught in this college.
The intending candidates should possess a reading and writing knowledge of the English language, similar knowledge of Bengali and Hindustani and a proficiency in Arithmetic.
This recommendation, soon followed by Macaulay's minute and Bentinck's resolution, sealed the fate of the school for native doctors and medical classes at the two leading oriental institutions of Calcutta.
The NMI was abolished and the medical classes at the Sanskrit College and at the Madrasa were discontinued by the government order of 28 January 1835.
This marked the end of official patronage of indigenous medical learning which in its turn evoked long-term reaction among the Indian practitioners of indigenous medicine and later the nationalists who strongly criticised the government for the withdrawal of patronage to the Indian system.
Different sections of the Indian population responded differently to this newly founded system of education. Among the Hindus the Brahmins, Kayasthas, Vaidyas, were particularly enthusiastic about medical education.
The activities of the Calcutta Medical College started on 20 February 1835 with the process of admission of students. Twenty students were selected through a preliminary examination of about one hundred students.
These boys had received their education either at the Hindu College, Hare School or the General Assembly's Institution. Twenty-nine more students had already been selected.
All of these 49 students were to receive a monthly stipend of Rs 7 from the government, but it was to be raised gradually.
The students were to remain in the College for a period of not less than 4 years and not more than 6 years. On completion of their studies the students had to sit for a final examination.
Successful candidates were to receive from the President of the Committee of education certificates of qualifications to practise surgery and medicine.
They could also enter public service where they would be called 'Native Doctors' receiving an initial pay of Rs 30 per month which would be raised to Rs 40 after 7 years and to 50 after 14 years of service.
In 1864, the Bengali class was divided into two sections: The Native Apothecary section, which trained students for government employment, and the Vernacular Licentiate section which gave instructions in medicine and surgery in order to enable the students to practise among the less affluent sections of Indians.
In 1873, both these classes were transferred to a new school called the Sealdah Medical School or the Campbell Medical School. The Hindu bhadralok class, Europeans and Eurasians dominated the student population. Although during 1880-1890 there was a small increase in the number of Muslim students, their proportion was very small.
A resolution of 29 June 1883 allowed the admission of women into the CMC after doing FA. Kadambini Ganguly, a Bengali Brahmo became the first woman admitted to the CMC. In 1884 the government offered scholarships of Rs 20 per month to all female students. Bidhu Mukhi Bose and Virginia Mary Mitter received these scholarships and became the first Indian women to graduate during 1888-89.
An important change occurred in 1906 when the Calcutta University decided to discontinue the LMS examination held since 1861 and henceforth confer only the degrees of MB and MD. The last batch of LMS students was examined in 1911.
During the 1930s, the system of reservation of seats was introduced, based on the relative population of different classes of people.
Further it was decided that of the 100 students taken, 5 were to be female candidates. Most of the female students belonged to the Anglo-Indian, Christian, Brahmo or Parsi community ( Source :Wikipedia).
The traditional Indian medicine could not stand against the imported medicine which claimed to be based on scientific evidence. Gradually the high up’s managed to get the door of modern medicine open to them.
Subsequently civil surgeons were posted in every district that formed the superstructure of the health care system without having been maintaining any relation with the silent majority.
My Words
Seven
- A well behaved husband is destined to make a happy home.
Abul Kashem Minto
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
